You can find the source code for this file in the class repository. The direct link is here.

Let’s start with studying static labor supply. We will consider the decision of the agent under the following rule:

$\max_{c,h} \frac{c^{1+\eta}}{1+\eta} - \beta \frac{h^{1+\gamma}}{1+\gamma}\\ \text{s.t. } c = \rho \cdot w\cdot h -r + \mu - \beta_0 \cdot 1[h>0] \\$ The individual takes his wage $$w$$ as given, he chooses hours of work $$h$$ and consumption $$c$$ subject to a given non labor income $$\mu$$ as well as a tax regime defined by $$\rho,r$$. $$\beta_0$$ is a fixed cost associated with working.

We note already that the non labor income can control for dynamic labor supply since we can have $$\mu= b_t - (1+r)b_{t+1}$$. This is part of a larger maximization problem where the agents choose optimaly $$b_t$$ over time. We will get there next time.

## Interior solution

The first order conditions give us $$w(wh +r - \mu)^\eta = \beta h^\gamma$$. There is no closed-form but we can very quickly find an interior solution by using Newton maximization on the function $$f(x) = w(wh +r - \mu)^\eta - \beta h^\gamma$$. We iterate on

$x \leftarrow x - f(x)/f'x)$.

# function which updates choice of hours using Newton step
# R here is total unearned income (including taxes when not working and all)
ff.newt <- function(x,w,R,eta,gamma,beta) {
f0 = w*(w*x + R)^eta - beta*x^gamma
f1 =  eta*w^2 * (w*x + R)^(eta-1) - gamma * beta *x^(gamma-1)
x  = x - f0/f1
x  = ifelse(w*x + R<=0, -R/w + 0.0001,x) # make sure we do not step out of bounds for next iteration
x  = ifelse(x<0, 0.0001,x)
x
}

## Simulating data

We are going to simulate a data set where agents will choose participation as well as the number of hours if they decide to work. To do that we will solve for the interior solution under a given tax rate and compare this to the option of no-work.

p  = list(eta=-1.5,gamma = 0.8,beta=1,beta0=0.1) # define preferences
tx = list(rho=1,r=0) # define a simple tax
N=1000
simdata = data.table(i=1:N,X=rnorm(N))
simdata[,lw := X     + rnorm(N)*0.2];      # add a wage which depends on X
simdata[,mu := exp(0.3*X + rnorm(N)*0.2)]; # add non-labor income that also depends on X

# we then solve for the choice of hours and consumption
simdata[, h := pmax(-mu+tx$r + p$beta0 ,0)/exp(lw)+1] # starting value
# for loop for newton method (30 should be enough, it is fast)
for (i in 1:30) {
simdata[, h := ff.newt(h,tx$rho*exp(lw),mu-tx$r-p$beta0,p$eta,p$gamma,p$beta) ]
}

# attach consumption, value of working
simdata[, c  := exp(lw)*h + mu - p$beta0]; simdata[, u1 := c^(1+p$eta)/(1+p$eta) - p$beta * h^(1+p$gamma)/(1+p$gamma) ];

At this point we can regress $$\log(w)$$ on $$\log(c)$$ and $$\log(h)$$ and find precisely the parameters of labor supply:

pander(summary(simdata[,lm(lw ~ log(c) + log(h))]))
Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
log(c) 1.5 9.566e-17 1.568e+16 0
log(h) 0.8 2.277e-16 3.513e+15 0
(Intercept) 2.247e-16 1.96e-16 1.147 0.2518
Fitting linear model: lw ~ log(c) + log(h)
Observations Residual Std. Error $$R^2$$ Adjusted $$R^2$$
1000 1.769e-15 1 1

We simply compute the value of choosing $$h=0$$, then take the highest of working and not working.

simdata[,u0:=  mu^(1+p$eta)/(1+p$eta)];
simdata[,p1:=u1>u0]
ggplot(simdata,aes(x=u0,y=u1)) + geom_point() + geom_abline(linetype=2) + theme_bw()

The regression still works, among ecah individual who chooses to work, the FOC is still satified.

pander(summary(simdata[p1==TRUE,lm(lw ~ log(c) + log(h))]))
## Warning in summary.lm(simdata[p1 == TRUE, lm(lw ~ log(c) + log(h))]):
## essentially perfect fit: summary may be unreliable
Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
log(c) 1.5 3.723e-17 4.029e+16 0
log(h) 0.8 1.35e-16 5.928e+15 0
(Intercept) 1.508e-15 9.133e-17 16.51 6.619e-53
Fitting linear model: lw ~ log(c) + log(h)
Observations Residual Std. Error $$R^2$$ Adjusted $$R^2$$
799 5.549e-16 1 1

## Heterogeneity in $$\beta$$

Finally we want to add heterogeneity in the $$\beta$$ parameter.

simdata[,betai := exp(0.5*X+rnorm(N)*0.1)]
simdata[, h := pmax(-mu+tx$r + p$beta0 ,0)/exp(lw)+1]
for (i in 1:30) {
simdata[, h := ff.newt(h,tx$rho*exp(lw),mu-tx$r-p$beta0,p$eta,p$gamma,betai) ] } # attach consumption simdata[, c := exp(lw)*h + mu - p$beta0];
simdata[, u1 := c^(1+p$eta)/(1+p$eta) - betai * h^(1+p$gamma)/(1+p$gamma) ];
simdata[, u0:=  mu^(1+p$eta)/(1+p$eta)];
simdata[,p1:=u1>u0]

# let's check that the FOC holds
sfit = summary(simdata[,lm(lw ~ log(c) + log(h) + log(betai))])
expect_equivalent(sfit$r.squared,1) expect_equivalent(coef(sfit)["log(c)",1],-p$eta)
expect_equivalent(coef(sfit)["log(h)",1],p$gamma) sfit = summary(simdata[p1==TRUE,lm(lw ~ log(c) + log(h))]) expect_false(coef(sfit)["log(c)",1]==-p$eta)
pander(sfit)
Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
log(c) 2.094 0.02416 86.67 0
log(h) 0.2831 0.03241 8.734 1.235e-17
(Intercept) -0.5479 0.01632 -33.57 1.463e-159
Fitting linear model: lw ~ log(c) + log(h)
Observations Residual Std. Error $$R^2$$ Adjusted $$R^2$$
880 0.1677 0.9623 0.9622

## Short Panel version

Question 1 Take the simulated data from the model with heterogenous $$\beta_i$$. First explain why regressing $$\log(w)$$ on $$\log(c)$$, $$\log(h)$$, and $$X$$ does not deliver correct estimates.

Question 2 Simulate 2 periods of the model (a short panel), keep everything fixed over the 2 periods, but redraw the wage. Estimate the model in differences and recover the parameters using $$\log(w)$$ on $$\log(c)$$, $$\log(h)$$. How does including or not including participation decision affect the results? Explain.

## Repeated cross-section

In this section we want to get closer to the Blundell, Duncan and Meghir (1998) exercice. We first modify the cost to allow for an increase return to X, and for the presence of a change in the tax rate. Simulate wages according to:

  simdata[,lw := lb*X + rnorm(N)*0.2];      # add a wage which depends on X

Write a function that can simulate a full cross section and that takes lb as inpute as well as marginal tax rate $$\rho$$. It should apply the same function as before to solve for the interior solution, but use the after-tax wage every where.

Question 3 simulate two cross-sections with $$(lb=1,\rho=1)$$ and $$(lb=1.5,\rho=0.8)$$ and use 10k individuals. Simulate data without the participation decision for now. Combine the two cross-sections data and show that previous regression provides biased estimates. Then slice X into K categories (for example using quantiles, or discritize X from the start). Then compute $$\log(w)$$, $$\log(c)$$ and $$\log(h)$$ within each group and cross-section. Run the regression in first differences (differencing between cross-sections) and show that this recovers the structural parameters in simulation.

Question 4 Re-introduce the participation decision to the data generating process. Show that the results are now biased.

Question 5 Extend the DGP to add an observable excluded variable that affects participation through $$\mu$$ but not the wage (keep X everywhere). Devise a way improve the estimates by controling for participation (for example, use a control function aprroach).

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